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Isopropyl alcohol, one of the most common members of the alcohol family of organic compounds. Isopropyl alcohol was the first commercial synthetic alcohol; chemists at the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (later Exxon Mobil) first produced it in 1920 while studying petroleum by-products. It is easily synthesized from the reaction of propylene with sulfuric acid, followed by hydrolysis. Alcohol is a popular legally controlled psychoactive drug that is commonly consumed in social settings. Ethanol, or ethyl alcohol, is the intoxicating ingredient in alcoholic beverages that produces the feeling of being drunk. It lowers anxiety and inhibitions with a broad range of side effects, from euphoria to other harder side effects such as loss of coordination to slurred speech.<\/p>\n
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Some studies have claimed that having one or two drinks a day is linked to better health than avoiding alcohol completely. However, it is hard to unpick correlation and causation in these studies, and the putative benefits of moderate drinking remain controversial. At higher concentrations, the effects of alcohol become more severe, and people find it harder to think clearly. They may be more prone to losing control of their emotions and becoming aggressive, which is why alcohol is sometimes a factor in violent crime and antisocial behaviour.<\/p>\n
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- Ethanol, or ethyl alcohol, is the intoxicating ingredient in alcoholic beverages that produces the feeling of being drunk.<\/li>\n
- At StudySmarter, we have created a learning platform that serves millions of students.<\/li>\n
- Alcohol has been a part of human culture for thousands of years, serving various roles in society from social lubricant to integral component in religious and cultural practices.<\/li>\n
- At low levels, alcohol typically makes people feel relaxed, animated and disinhibited.<\/li>\n
- Ethanol (grain alcohol) and methanol (wood alcohol) are the best-known alcohols with one hydroxyl group.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
According to the Br\u00f8nsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases, all molecules which donate protons (H+) are acids. The hydroxyl group of alcohols tends to release H+ because of its polarity. Due to oxygen being more electronegative than hydrogen, the shared pair of electrons shifts towards oxygen, making the -OH bond weaker and easier to break. The oxygen atom pulls the bonded pair of electrons it shares with hydrogen over towards itself, leaving hydrogen with a partial positive charge. Hydrogen’s charge density is so high, in fact, that it is attracted to the lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom of an adjacent alcohol molecule.<\/p>\n
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Pharmaceutical industries also harness its properties to aid in formulation as a solvent, enhancing the efficacy and delivery of drugs. When ingested, about 20% of alcohol is absorbed through the stomach; the other 80% is absorbed in the small intestine. Alcohol makes its way to the rest of the body through the bloodstream and begins to disrupt the body\u2019s system\u2019s normal functioning. The liver breaks down the majority of alcohol that has been consumed.<\/p>\n
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The alpha carbon is the carbon atom directly bonded to the hydroxyl group. Alcohols are organic compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups, -OH. As branching in alcohols increases, melting and boiling points decrease.<\/p>\n